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Wysłany: Pią 6:45, 13 Gru 2013 Temat postu: Critics on Louis Althusser's |
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Critics on Louis Althusser's
First of all he states that people should reproduce the productive forces, but also the relations between those forces in order to maintain the established order. The reproduction of the means of production is also an essential part of the cycles in the life of the society. It means that goods have to be produced; goods of various kinds so that different manufacturing and service firms/plants keep up their work and do not let the economy stagnate because of lesser productivity. So we see that everything depends of each other and is something stops, it will cause damage in other spheres of existence. Another element of efficient societal functioning is the labor force reproduction, in other words people being born for the old generations to retire and new ones to take up their places. Althusser stresses the reproduction of the existing "relations" of production. In other words, the set of values, believes and customs, in which we people are submerged is such as to reproduce the existing relations of power through the preservation of the existing relations of exploitation between social classes which originates from the separation of labor performed by different class representatives. Society molds its people according to predetermined groups, spaces or functions formed by already existing relations of production. In this process of forming individuals society consequently attributes each one of us a certain identity. The identity formulation itself takes places in certain environment and under particular circumstances. Those conditions in this paper are represented by the following definitions: Ideological State Apparatuses and the State Apparatus. Those terms are supposed to define what is ideology and how does it pervade the society and manipulates its perceptions of the surroundings. Althusser replaces the common "State apparatus" defined primarily as the repressive power operated in the interests of the ruling classes with a difference between an open Repressive State Apparatus (represented by the Government, Administration) and the various determining functions of religion, family, school, arts etc., which he calls the Ideological State Apparatuses. On the other hand the Ideological State Apparatus (ISA) is of private property. This relation could be argued about but, the private domain was mostly defined as such because it is not subjected to any law and thus cannot be controlled. The important issue raised by Althusser is that of the predominance of schools as the ISA's main power. He gives a persuasive support to this claim in a number of ways. First is the schools' obligatory character, the fact that children spend eight to ten hours a day turn schools automatically in a superior channels for the reproduction of the relations of production, although family or communications or laws, could be as sufficient as schools. I believe that the reason why Althusser places schools' importance above all the rest because character and personality traits are basically formed as school in younger ages, thus children are more receptive to outside influences than adults. The only way an individual can become a "subject" is by "subjecting" himself/herself (Althusser obviously takes advantage of the double meaning of the word as, subject being the one that performs the action, but also the one who is acted upon) to the formed set of values provided by these institutions. The person when coming into this world for instance is recognized or adopted by the society, by acquiring father's last name. When talking about ideology and it's nature it is obligatory to note the following issues also described in Athusser's work. He says that ideology is of pervasively unconscious character, which is innate in all the social procedures in which we people are born and live, and in the process of ascription of meaning. Althusser's essay approaches the problem with a uniquely systematizing meaning, and it offers no practical tools for the involvement into the present situation. This problem arises from the multiple natures of the Ideological Status Apparatuses. These are "in fact unified, despite its diversity and its contradictions, beneath the ruling ideology, which is the ideology of the ruling class"(146 p.), but at the same time understood as the site of class struggle (147p.). Althusser perceptive approach to the "social unconscious" examines the concrete political events and realities and even fights; primarily they take place at the infrastructure level, then looses its thrust,[url=http://www.floware.fr]www.floware.fr[/url], and lacks of functional implications /solutions. Unfortunately, his really appealing theory doesn't help find the solution to the problem of the exploitation of the oppressed class of people, and doesn't tell how to succeed with it.
To summarize Althusser's essay we should comprehend what he meant by ideology in general. He claimed that it was mirrorstructured consisting of four interrelated parts which sort of reflect each other. He enumerated them as follows: 1) interpellation of individuals as subjects; 2) their subjections to the subject;3) their mutual recognition, subject recognitions of each other and subject's recognition of itself; 4) finally the subject has to know and know all the rules and behaves accordingly, that guarantees everything to be great. This is the system according to which society and its members have to function and are currently doing so, in order for the products to be reproduced and working force to be provided promptly. It all depends on one another, as was said in the beginning of this paper; individuals are all connected, although at different level, the big picture shows that it's necessary for world to function properly..
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yesterday, 2014 Anshan Normal University graduates employment "Shuangxuan Hui" held in the school gymnasium, began this year graduates employment act. In order to get the "excellent resources, many enterprises" temporary "overweight", improve the treatment. College students to wage psychological expectations and not because of "the most difficult year of employment" and reduce, basically all hope that the first job salary can reach more than 2400 yuan.
yesterday the recruitment site, the Mathematics Department of normal college relevant responsible person said, now the student in the job pays more attention to professional counterparts, it has both advantages and disadvantages. Professional counterparts relatively dry further into the future, but the requirements of professional counterparts in a certain extent increase the difficulty in finding employment. In addition, students now the pursuit of more stable,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], most are hoping to find a compilation work, or looking for a job and to the civil service exam.
reporter discovery, though not a formal interview,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], but students are dressed up, many college students are put on the dress, the girls also makeup. The person in charge of a large enterprise,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], under the pressure of competition, job seekers now pay more attention to their appearance, to give enterprises a good impression. Reporter to enterprises responsible for human resources consulting, what kind of job seekers are most unwelcome, each other said, costume exaggerated or makeup job seekers will be eliminated in the first round, even the interview qualification will not have.
[trainee editor >
recruitment site,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]. Photo by Shen Lujia
yesterday,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the students job also said, they are normal specialized graduation, the best way is to find a job as a teacher, even educational institutions or private school or their own use, after all, can be more confidence, more hard.
yesterday, the reporter will the scene in the recruitment, recruitment of 350 enterprises staged a "bidding war",[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], many enterprises in order to get the high quality talent, the "overweight" for job seekers, with five social insurance and one housing fund,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], annual leave, paid training abroad, free lunch,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], travel once a year waiting to encounter attract job seekers. At present, the enterprise the salary is not low, basically in the 2200-3000 yuan, in addition, there are a variety of other award grant.
according to several school recruitment person in charge,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], at present the private school teacher salary are considerable,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], in general, salary can reach more than 3000 yuan.
yesterday,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], 2014 Anshan Normal University graduates employment "Shuangxuan Hui" held in the school gymnasium, began this year graduates employment act. In order to get the "excellent resources, many enterprises" temporary "overweight", improve the treatment. College students to wage psychological expectations and not because of "the most difficult year of employment" and reduce,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], basically all hope that the first job salary can reach more than 2400 yuan.
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The hepatitis B vaccines suspected of causing the death of two babies have been sealed for investigation, a manager of the company that produces them said.
The vaccines were produced by Biokangtai in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province.
The company produced 450,000 hepatitis B vaccines last year and the suspect ones came from two different batches, Southern Metropolis Daily reported, citing a Biokangtai manager.
The manager told the newspaper the bulk of the vaccines were sold to Hunan Province, where two babies have died after receiving a vaccination.
However, 3,600 vaccines were sold to Guangdong Province and some to Guizhou Province, the manager added.
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